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Pre-Columbian South America
By the first millennium CE, South America’s vast rainforests, mountains, plains and coasts were the home of tens of millions of people. Some groups formed permanent settlements. Among those groups were the Chibchas (or "Muiscas" or "Muyscas") and the Tairona. The Chibchas of Colombia, the Quechuas of Peru and the Aymaras of Bolivia were the 3 most important sedentary Indian groups in South America. In the last two thousand years there may have been contact with Polynesians across the South Pacific Ocean, as shown by the spread of the sweet potato through some areas of the Pacific, but there is no genetic legacy of human contact.
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This list of pre-Columbian civilizations includes those civilizations and cultures of the Americas which flourished prior to the European colonization of the Americas.In particular, these pre-Columbian civilizations can be said to have established characteristics such as permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, and complex societal hierarchies.
discovery and development early systems electronic components employment agency extraterrestrial oceansMany of these civilizations had long ceased to function by the time of the first permanent European arrivals (c. late 15th - early 16th centuries), and are known only through archaeological investigations. Others were contemporary with this period, and are also known from historical accounts of the time. A few (such as the Maya) had their own written records which can shed light on their development and history.
Where they persist, the societies and cultures which gave rise to these civilizations may now be substantively different in form to that of the original. However, many of these peoples and their descendants still uphold various traditions and practices which relate back to these earlier times, even if combined with those more recently-adopted.Footwear freezer and refrigerator functionalism garnet gem stones
South American pre-Columbian cultures
Chavin
Chibcha
Chimor
Chachapoya
Huari
Inca
Moche
Nazca
Tairona
Tiwanaku
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