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| lachocolatiere.com | Chibchas | Norte Chico e Inca Nazca culture | Chavín civilization | The Moche civilization | Inca Empire | Population history of American indigenous peoples | Pre-Columbian Cultures |
Chibchas
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Among the groups forming permanent settlements by Colombia's first
inhabitants, who migrated from North and Central America, were the
Chibchas (or "Muiscas" or "Muyscas") and the Tairona. The Chibchas
of Colombia, the Quechuas of Peru and the Aymaras of Bolivia were
the three most important sedentary Indian groups in Pre-Columbian
South America. The Chibcha linguistic communities were the most numerous, the most territorially extended and the most socio-economically developed of the Pre-Hispanic Colombians. By the 3rd century, the Chibchas had established their civilization in the northern Andes. At one point, the Chibchas occupied part of what is now Panama, and the high plains of the Eastern Sierra of Colombia. |
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The areas that they occupied were the Departments of Santander
(North and South), Boyacá and Cundinamarca, which were also the
areas where the first farms and first industries were developed, and
where the independence movement originated. They are currently the
richest areas in Colombia. They represented the most populous zone
between the Mexican and Inca empires. Next to the Quechua of Peru
and the Aymara in Bolivia, the Chibchas of the eastern and
north-eastern Highlands of Colombia were the most striking of the
sedentary indigenous peoples in South America. In the Oriental
Andes, the Chibchas were composed of several tribes, who spoke the
same language (Chibchan). Among them: Muiscas, Guanes, Laches and
Chitareros. The Mesoamericans (Indians originally inhabiting Central America), who arrived in approximately 1200 BCE, introduced the cultivation of corn. The humid and somewhat less hotter climate brought better conditions for the intensive agriculture of corn, sedentarism, demographic growth & the organization of villages. These people built lithic monuments in El Infiernito, Villa de Leyva. They also exploited salt mines in Zipaquirá, Nemocón and Tausa. They were followed by a second wave of Mesoamericans in 500 BCE. Artifacts from a number of distinct cultures, such as those in the areas around San Agustín (in present-day Huila Department), Tierra Dentro (Cauca Department), and Tumaco (Nariño Department), are believed to date from this period. Between 400 and 300 BCE, the Chibchas traveled from Nicaragua and Honduras and reached Colombia, shortly before the Arawaks arrived from other parts of South America, such as Brazil, Uruguay, and Paraguay. Near the end of the first millennium CE, the Caribs migrated from the Caribbean islands. These warlike newcomers supplanted the Chibchas in the lowlands and forced them to move to higher elevations. The Chibchas farmed, mined for salt and emeralds, and traded with other groups. They were skilled artists who were known for their pottery, gold work and cotton fabrics. They used emeralds as currency for trading. The Chibchas had advanced cultivation techniques, and the area they occupied was very fertile. This, coupled with a very disciplined, skilled and experienced pool of agricultural labor, was later used by the colonial farmers (encomenderos & haciendados). "El Dorado" myth In one of their rituals, the top priest or "cacique" covered his body with gold dust, rode a small boat to the center of Lake Guatavita and submerged himself. This ceremony might have been the origin of the myth of "El Dorado", which attracted many Spanish adventurers, who came looking for places where there was plenty of gold, but never existed in reality. From the cultural point of view, the Chibchas were similar to the Inca. They practiced agriculture with the help of an extensive irrigation system. They made cotton fabrics and were experts with gold, making very fine laminates decorated with wire or strip motives and very stylized anthropomorphic figures. The Chibcha language (Chibchan) was so important in the area that when the Spanish conquerors came they had a communication problem in their quest to evangelize and use native resources. At some point they thought of using it as a main language for the new Kingdom of New Granada, at the same level of the Quechua, Aztec and Tupi. On May 10, 1783, through a decree called "Cédula Real," the Spanish colonialists prohibited the use of native languages. The creed of the Chibchas was similar to the pantheistic fetishism of American aborigines in general. Human sacrifices were common, but most of the offerings consisted of goods such as gold, emeralds, and fruits of the field. Shamans, or Zeques, were numerous, and acted as medicine men, diviners and/or oracles. Bochica was the main god, considered a solar god, a great master and civilizator. Among his rivals, there was Chia (the moon), which some considered married to Bochica, and Chibchacum. For some, Chiminigagua was the Chibcha's supreme god. Chibchacum was protector of the people, the farmers, and the traders. According to a myth, Huitaca put a vengeance plan against the god Bochica. Huitaca spread bad teachings between the Chibchas, who then gave themselves to lust, partying and were unwilling to work. This behavior offended Chibchacum, who decided to punish them with torrential rains, which flooded the plains of Bacatá. Seeing that the rains would not stop, they asked for the intervention of the god Bochica to stop the malefic of Chibchacum, offering Bochica sacrifices and fasting. However, Bochica did not respond to their calls until a long time after they started asking him. One day, when the Chibchas already thought that their god had abandoned them, they finally saw the first ray of sunlight after Bochica, with a stick of gold, opened a trench where the Bacatá plains had flooded. Thus, Bochica created the "Salto del Tequendama". When everything got back to normal, the Chibchas started seeding again and continued their offerings and sacrifices to the god Bochica. The god Bochica designated the god Chibchacum to carry the Earth on his shoulders. They called the earth Pachamama which means "Mother Earth". At that moment the Earth was sustained over 4 "Guayacanes". Because of this the Chibchas though that all earthquakes were due to the god Chibchacum, who when tired of carrying the earth on one shoulder, passed the earth to the other shoulder. That is why Chibchacum was considered the god of earthquakes. It was also the protector of the traders and the farmers because it would make sure that the Earth would always be guarded and nothing would interrupt its equilibrium. The myth of the god Chibchacum is similar to some myths of other cultures, such as the Bible's universal deluge or the Greek Atlas designated to carry the Celestial Vault on his shoulders. |
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| lachocolatiere.com | Chibchas | Norte Chico e Inca Nazca culture | Chavín civilization | The Moche civilization | Inca Empire | Population history of American indigenous peoples | Pre-Columbian Cultures |